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Absorber Gas-Liquid Contact Devices
Wall rings improve SO2 collection efficiency by reducing the gas bypass in an open spray tower which results from the tendency of the flue gas to hug the walls of the absorber. Wall rings also push out the slurry that runs down from the walls back into the gas stream, improving the contact between the slurry and flue gas.
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Upgrades to Existing Wet FGD Systems to Improve Performance, Reduce Operating and Maintenance Costs and Improve Reliability
Upgrading an existing wet FGD system may be an effective way to improve SO2 removal, allow the use of lower cost higher sulfur coals, reduce power consumption, allow for the use of an alternate, lower-cost reagent, and improve the reliability of the system while reducing the operating and maintenance costs.
Boiler Cycling Considerations
Cycling operation can shorten the life span of such equipment based on number and duration of cycles. A thorough condition assessment program can determine potential equipment modifications that can make the unit more flexible and alleviate possible problem areas.
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Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Primer
SNCR typically is limited to lower NOx reduction levels but may be the more economical choice depending on the required NOx reduction or the unique project requirements. Both technologies have been successfully applied for NOx reduction on multiple fuels and boiler types.
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Ash Handling Terminology and Primer
Bottom ash is most commonly conveyed in a hydraulic system in which the ash is entrained in a high flow, circulating water system and delivered to either an ash pond or to a remote dewatering device. Alternatively, mechanical drag systems have been used to convey bottom ash to the dewatering storage bin because they use less water and usually have a lower initial cost.
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A Primer on Steam Generation
The steam generator (boiler) evaporates water and supplies high temperature, high pressure steam, under carefully controlled conditions, to a turbine-generator set that produces electricity. The steam may also be reheated in the steam generator, after passing through part of a multi-stage turbine system, by running the exhaust steam back to the boiler convection pass.
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CO Boilers for the Hydrocarbon Processing Industry
Changes in FCCU catalyst and in process conditions have permitted reductions in the CO content of the gases leaving the unit. These changes also result in the gas temperature to the CO boiler increasing from the 1000F (538C) level to as high as 1450F (788C). New heat recovery boilers on FCC units are designed for these new process conditions.
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Sootblower and Boiler Cleaning Terminology, Principles and Applications
Deposits are removed from the corrugated heating surface by means similar to SCR catalyst cleaning applications such as straight-line sootblower. Swing arm sootblowers and dual media cleaning devices can also be used. Cleaning media must be aimed directly at the gas inlet face of the heating surface with relatively low velocities.
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Part II - General bid evaluation
A thorough review must consider whether the supplier has offered the intended scope, and any exceptions to the specification must be evaluated. Bid evaluation generally includes a review of scope, operating ease, maintenance and operating costs, service, design features and hardware, construction features, schedule, project management and project team expertise, experience, commercial terms, and price.
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Effect of Operating Variables on Fuel Ash Corrosion in Boilers
Sootblowers are the primary means of dealing directly with furnace wall slagging and convection pass fouling. The most important fundamental requirement is to use this equipment in a preventive, rather than corrective, manner. Sootblowers are most effective in controlling dry, loosely bonded deposits that typically occur in the early stages of deposition.
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